Comparative Behavioral Study of Withania somnifera and Piper longum in Experimental Models of Depression

Abstract

The study aimed to evaluate and compare the in vitro monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitory properties of both plant extracts, assess their antidepressant-like effects in both acute and chronic models using the Forced Swim Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST), examine their influence on reserpine-induced depressive symptoms such as ptosis, catatonia, and sedation, and explore whether Withania somnifera enhances the efficacy of the standard antidepressant imipramine. Methodologically, the study utilized established behavioral assays and biochemical evaluations in animal models to assess efficacy and safety. The results revealed that Piper longum, through its active compound piperine, functions as a potent, reversible, and selective MAO inhibitor, offering rapid antidepressant effects and a favorable safety profile. In contrast, Withania somnifera demonstrated a gradual yet sustained antidepressant action, mediated by modulation of multiple neurobiological systems, andshowed enhanced effects when combined with imipramine. Both plants were well-tolerated, and their distinct mechanisms suggest potential for targeted or complementary use in managing various forms of depression.