International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design (IJPDD) is an international online journal published monthly, is a one-stop, open access source for a high quality and peer reviewed journal in the fields of pharmaceutical sciences, Biopharmaceutical sciences, Biological, Pharmacological and toxicological research. IJPDD aims to provide a common platform for all researchers and scientists to communicate and publishes original research papers, critical reviews and short communications, case study on the latest developments in the medical research and pharmaceutical sciences with a strong emphasis on the originality and scientific quality of the work. As medical and pharmaceutical research is a multidisciplinary field, IJPDD aims to fulfil this mission by publishing original research papers, critical reviews and short communications on the latest advancements in the medical research and pharmaceutical sciences. All articles published in IJPDD will be made freely accessible online immediately upon publication. IJPDD extends an invitation to researchers, research scholars, academicians, industrialists, and consulting firms, among others, to share the excellent work they have done for the advancement of science and technology. Journal Standards: Eminent editorials from around the world. Rapid Email alert Updates Our Journal is indexed in a variety of databases maintained by reputable international publishers A comprehensive online journal that is freely accessible to readers. Fast online manuscript submission. Certificate of Publication Available Upon Request from Authors All papers that are published in IJPDD will be made freely available online immediately upon publication, and there will be no costs levied for subscriptions. Rapid publishing and great exposure.
Advancements in Nanoemulsion-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems for Gout Treatment: A Comprehensive Review
Gout is a metabolic condition characterized by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the joints, leading to intense inflammation, pain, and swelling. Despite the availability of several treatment strategies, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and urate-lowering therapies (ULT), these treatments often present adverse effects, limiting their long-term use. Nanoemulsion-based transdermal drug delivery systems have emerged as promising alternatives, offering enhanced drug penetration, stability, and controlled release while minimizing systemic side effects. These systems, composed of nanoscale droplets, allow for the effective delivery of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs, overcoming biological barriers such as the skin’s stratum corneum. Nanoemulsions improve bioavailability, provide localized treatment, and reduce the need for frequent dosing, making them ideal for chronic conditions like gout. This review explores the advancements in nanoemulsion technology for gout treatment, focusing on the use of anti-inflammatory drugs like naproxen sodium in transdermal delivery systems. Additionally, the review discusses the challenges and potential solutions in the development and optimization of nanoemulsion formulations for enhanced therapeutic efficacy in gout management.
Gout, Nanoemulsions, Transdermal Drug Delivery, NSAIDs, Naproxen Sodium, Bioavailability.
Nitish Kumar*, Indu Mittal, Raj Kumar Tiwari
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development and Evaluation of Lycopene and Alpha-Tocopherol-Loaded Ethosomal Gel Optimized by Design of Experiments for Managing Oral Sub-Mucosal Fibrosis
Background: Oral sub-mucosal fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic fibro-inflammatory disorder marked by progressive fibrosis leading to collagen deposition in the epithelial layer of the mouth. Trismus and dysfunction may result from an effect on the underlying masticatory muscles. Ethosomes were fabricated using a cold method. Aim: This research focused on the formulation of a novel ethosomal gel encapsulating lycopene, which exhibits both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and Alpha-Tocopherol, a well-known antioxidant, aimed at enhancing localized therapy for OSMF. Ethosomes are systematically optimized through Design of Experiments (DOE) to fine-tune vesicle size, drug loading, and release behaviour. Result: The optimized ethosomal gel exhibited a pH of 6.5 ± 0.01, good viscosity, and spreadability (1.76 ± 0.03 g·cm/s). It achieved entrapment efficiencies of 85.24% for lycopene and 83.67% for alpha-tocopherol. It provided sustained drug release, indicating suitability for controlled buccal delivery. Cumulative drug release reached 45.53%, 63.03%, and 85.72% (Lycopene) and 21.74%, 42.95%, and 77.13% (Alpha-Tocopherol) at 1, 5, and 24 h, confirming sustained delivery and good vesicle stability.
Ethosomal gel, Lycopene, Alpha-Tocopherol, Oral Submucosal Fibrosis
Bhumika Sahu, Harsh Pratap Singh Rajpoot, Nitesh Yadav, Shubham Pare, Shah Alam, Aniruddha Pare*
Design Of Experiment Approach for Optimization and Characterization of Lycopene and Coenzyme Q10 Microemulsion for Treatment of Oral Submucosa Fibrosis
Background: Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic, progressive disorder of the oral mucosa characterized by fibrosis, trismus, and burning sensation. Current therapies offer limited benefits due to poor solubility, stability, and bioavailability of drugs. Lycopene and Coenzyme Q10, with strong antioxidant and anti-fibrotic properties, have therapeutic potential but are limited by these formulation challenges. Aim: The study aimed to design, optimize, and characterize a microemulsion of Lycopene and Coenzyme Q10 using a Quality by Design (QbD)-based Design of Experiments (DoE) approach for effective management of OSMF. Result: A microemulsion was formulated using olive oil, Tween 80, and glycerol, optimized through a Box–Behnken Design. The optimized formulation showed a particle size of 52 nm, zeta potential of –31.9 mV, and a PDI of 0.366, indicating nanoscale uniformity and stability. Entrapment efficiency was 74.5% for Lycopene and 97.5% for Coenzyme Q10. In-vitro release studies demonstrated biphasic, sustained drug release, ensuring both immediate and prolonged antioxidant effects.
Oral Submucous Fibrosis, Microemulsion, Lycopene, Coenzyme Q10, Design of Experiments, Antioxidants.
Harsh Pratap Singh Rajpoot*, Dr Aniruddha Pare, Shubham Pare, Bhumika Sahu
Evaluation of Phytoconstituents and Hepatoprotective Activity (In-Vitro) of Flower Extract of Hippaeastrum Vittatum
The present study investigates the phytochemical profile and in-vitro hepatoprotective potential of the flower extract of Hippeastrum vittatum. Fresh flowers were collected, authenticated, shade-dried, powdered, and subjected to ethanolic extraction, yielding 5.8% w/w of crude extract. Pharmacognostical evaluation, including anatomical, organoleptic, ash value, and extractive value analysis, confirmed the purity and morphological identity of the plant material. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, carbohydrates, and mucilage, indicating a rich composition of bioactive constituents. Quantitative estimation demonstrated high total phenolic content (94 µg/mg) and total flavonoid content (145 µg/mg), suggesting strong antioxidant potential. Antioxidant assays further supported this: the ethanolic extract showed significant free radical scavenging activity with an IC₅₀ of 44.5 µg/ml in the DPPH assay, strong reducing power (absorbance 0.799 at 800 µg/ml), nitric oxide scavenging activity (IC₅₀ = 83.53 µg/ml), and a total antioxidant capacity of 134 µg α-tocopherol equivalents/mg.Column chromatographic separation yielded two major compounds. Compound-I was identified as chlorogenic acid based on UV, IR, NMR, and mass spectrometric analysis. Compound-II was confirmed as quercetin, a well-known flavonoid with potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. The presence of these compounds correlates with the strong antioxidant ability of the extract, indicating its potential role in mitigating oxidative stress–induced hepatic injury.
Hippeastrum vittatum, phytoconstituents, antioxidant activity, chlorogenic acid, quercetin
A Review on Development of Anti-Inflammatory Hydrogel Incorporating Tulsi and Indian Frankincense for Enhanced Wound Healing and Tissue Repairing
The creation of hydrogels infused with herbal components for wound healing has surfaced as a potential direction in biomedical research and natural medicine. This research examines the composition and therapeutic efficacy of anti-inflammatory hydrogel systems using Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) and Boswellia serrata (Indian Frankincense). These herbs are esteemed in traditional medicine for their powerful anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and tissue-regenerative qualities. The review examines the physiological mechanisms of wound healing, emphasises the significance of inflammatory regulation, and offers comprehensive insights into the phytochemistry and pharmacodynamics of Tulsi and Boswellia. It also explores contemporary formulation methodologies, assessment criteria, and preclinical evidence, emphasising how these botanical medicines promote healing when integrated into hydrogel systems. Challenges and constraints are thoroughly assessed, and future opportunities for sophisticated hydrogel-based herbal formulations are delineated.
Hydrogel, Tulsi, Ocimum sanctum, Indian Frankincense, Boswellia serrata, Wound healing, Anti-inflammatory, Herbal formulation, Polyherbal hydrogel
Tanu Kumari, Mukesh Kumar*, Dhananjay Taumar
Investigation of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Properties of Piper Hymenophyllum Miq.
The genus Piper stands out as the most extensive within the Piperaceae family, showcasing a diverse array of species that are prevalent across tropical regions. A variety of Piper species have been historically utilized for multiple purposes, particularly in medicinal applications, owing to their rich phytochemical compositions. In the commercial market, the pepper of Piperaceae stands out as the most traded spice globally. Piper species have been utilized in traditional medicine across the globe to address various health issues, including urological disorders, skin conditions, liver and stomach ailments, wound healing, and to provide antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects. Piper hymenophyllum (Vaal thippili) is an endemic plant native to South India, known for its use by the Kani tribals in the treatment of gastric ailments. Although it has been traditionally utilized, there is a scarcity of documented evidence in the literature concerning its phytochemical properties. This study investigated the pharmacological activities of lesser-known wild piper species, specifically focusing on the leaf, stem, and fruit of P. hymenophyllum, thereby enhancing our understanding of its potential therapeutic applications and biochemical properties. The objective of the study was addressed through qualitative preliminary screening and confirmatory tests, which identified the presence of both primary and secondary metabolites. Quantification of total phenolic content revealed the highest concentration in the ethyl acetate leaf extract (247.18 mg GAE/g extract). Similarly, flavonoid content was found to be highest in the ethyl acetate extracts of P. hymenophyllum leaf, fruit and stem, ranging from 241 to 304 mg RE/g extract. In vitro antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, Superoxide radical scavenging and Phosphomolybdenum) demonstrated that the antioxidant activity was consistently highest in the ethyl acetate extracts of Piper hymenophyllum leaf, fruit and stem across all assays. This study provides the detailed evidence of the phytochemical richness and antioxidant potential of P. hymenophyllum, scientifically validating its traditional medicinal use and highlighting its promise as a valuable source of bioactive compounds for future pharmacological applications.
Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidants, Piper hymenophyllum.
Narmathasri J, Deepa MA, Pradheeba M, Vasukipriyadharshini G, Narthanaa S, Magi G, Pugalenthi M
Copyright (c) 2025 Sujata Publications https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development and Physicochemical Evaluation of Aceclofenac-Loaded Emulgel
The emulgel formulation has emerged as one of the most efficient and effective strategies for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs. Emulgels represent a hybrid dosage form that combines the characteristics of both emulsions and gels. Owing to this dual property, they enhance the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs, thereby improving their bioavailability, while also offering a patient-friendly approach to topical drug delivery. In this study, aceclofenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) derived from diclofenac, was selected as the model drug. Being a BCS class II compound (low solubility and high permeability), aceclofenac is well-suited for formulation as an emulgel, where even smaller doses can achieve therapeutic efficacy in topical applications. Two different gelling agents, carbomer 934 and HPMC K4M, were used separately at a concentration of 1% w/w to prepare the emulgels. Linseed oil served as the penetration enhancer. The prepared formulations were evaluated for rheological properties, pH, and in vitro drug release profile. The findings revealed that the emulgel prepared with carbomer 934 exhibited a superior drug release profile compared to the formulation containing HPMC K4M. These results suggest that carbomer 934 is a more suitable gelling agent for the development of aceclofenac emulgel formulations, providing enhanced drug release and potentially better therapeutic outcomes.
Aceclofenac, Topical Drug Delivery System, Emulgel, HPMC
Pradipta Ranjan Behera, Asmita Gajbhiye, Shailendra Patil
Formulation, Optimization, and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablet of Promethazine Hcl
This study uses the effervescent technique to formulate and evaluate mouth dissolving tablets (MDTs)of promethazine HCl. MDTs are preferred for their ease of use, especially in patients with swallowing difficulties. The formulation process using various excipients, including crospovidone, sodium bicarbonate, and microcrystalline cellulose, was optimized through a Box-Behnken design. The study assessed pre-compression and post-compression parameters, including flow properties, hardness, friability, disintegration time, and in vitro drug release. Results indicated that the optimized formulation (B-16) achieved a disintegration time of 40 seconds and a cumulative drug release of 98.34% within 15 minutes, demonstrating the effectiveness of the effervescent technique in enhancing drug bioavailability. The findings suggest that the developed MDTs can provide rapid therapeutic effects, making them suitable for pediatric and geriatric patients.
Mouth Dissolving Tablet (MDT), Promethazine HCl, Design Expert software, Box Behnken Design, Effervescent Technique, Direct Compression.
Pranshu Patel, Shiv Hardenia, Dinesh Kumar Jain
Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacological Activities of Tridax procumbens: A Comprehensive Review
As an article of Tridax procumbens, the author Linnaeus presented the Tridax species in 1753. Coat buttons, or T. procumbens, are a member of the Asteraceae family. It thrives in the tropical and subtropical regions throughout the countries of South and Central America. Coat buttons have also proliferated in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific islands. Coat buttons contain flavonoids, carotenoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, norisoprenoids, volatile oil, lignans, and saponins. For centuries, Ayurvedic medicine in India relied on this plant for curing hundreds of ailments. The above antioxidative, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, antidiabetic, mosquitocidal, anticancer, antihypertensive, and antiparasitic functions of coat buttons are well known pharmacologically. Additionally, it has hepatoprotective, leishmanicidal, immunomodulatory, repellent, and antilithiatic qualities. This review is helpful in giving crucial details about the plant and demonstrates that it may be a safe, effective and reasonably priced treatment for a number of illnesses, particularly in tropical regions where the plant is widely available.
Tridax procumbens, Asteraceae, Coat buttons
Development and In-Vitro Characterization of a Personalized, pH-Responsive Polypill for Dual-Drug Delivery via Multi-Material FDM 3D Printing
This study explores the development of a personalized polypill designed to deliver two drugs with distinct, pH-sensitive release profiles using multi-material 3D printing via fused deposition modeling (FDM). The aim was to engineer a single tablet capable of releasing each drug independently at its intended site within the gastrointestinal tract. To achieve this, two drug-loaded filaments were prepared through hot-melt extrusion (HME). One filament, intended for immediate release, incorporated paracetamol within a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix. The other, designed for enteric release, embedded mesalazine in Eudragit L100. These filaments were used to print a core-shell tablet, with the mesalazine-containing core fully enclosed by the paracetamol-based shell. The printed tablets were evaluated for their physical integrity, chemical composition, and drug release behavior. In vitro dissolution testing was conducted using a USP Apparatus II paddle system, simulating gastrointestinal conditions through a pH-shift protocol—starting with 0.1N hydrochloric acid for two hours, followed by a phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. Results showed that the extrusion process produced filaments with uniform drug distribution and excellent printability. The tablets demonstrated high dimensional accuracy and allowed for precise, customizable dosing. During dissolution, the outer shell released over 95% of paracetamol rapidly in the acidic phase, while the mesalazine core remained intact. Upon transitioning to the neutral pH environment, the enteric coating dissolved, enabling a complete and controlled release of mesalazine. Overall, the findings highlight the promise of multi-material FDM 3D printing in fabricating sophisticated, pH-responsive polypills. This approach offers a viable pathway for creating patient-specific combination therapies with tailored dosing and release kinetics, potentially transforming personalized medicine.
3D Printed Pharmaceuticals, Fused Deposition Modeling, Polypill, Personalized Medicine, pH-Responsive Drug Delivery, Hot-Melt Extrusion
Antidiabetic Efficacy of Diosmetin-Loaded Phytosomes in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats
Diabetes mellitus is a long-standing metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and disturbed carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism due to impaired insulin secretion or peripheral insulin resistance. A flavonoid, diosmetin, possesses excellent biological activities but is limited in clinical use because it has poor aqueous solubility, low permeability, and significant first-pass metabolism, which leads to low oral bioavailability. To overcome these limitations, a phytosomatically formulated diosmetin was designed to maximize its bioavailability and antidiabetic effects. The current research involves the successful loading of diosmetin (DS) into a phytosomal entity by the formation of bond between the soya phosphatidylcholine and diosmetin in various molar ratios. Successfully prepared DS phytosomes through complexation with phospholipids and they were characterized by physicochemical, chromatography, spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies. In vivo studies using streptozotocin which induced diabetes in albino rats, and compared the results against pure DS alone. The antidiabetic potential of DS phytosomes evaluated by an in vivo study revealed a significant decrease in the levels of blood glucose in the DS phytosomes-treated group as compared to plain DS. The above-mentioned results showed that the antidiabetic potency of DS was enhanced in phytosomes as compared to DS. This research points to phytosomal encapsulation as a powerful approach to enhance the solubility, bioavailability and therapeutic interest of diosmetin and presents a worthy method for the improvement in pharmacokinetics in other poorly soluble flavonoids.
Diosmetin, Phytosome, Bioavailability, Antidiabetic, Phospholipid Complex
Swati Sahu, Anamika Jain, Ayushi Gupta, Mahendra Singour, Shah Alam, Shailendra Patil and Asmita Gajbhiye*
Muscle Wasting: Molecular Mechanisms and Promising Therapies
Muscle atrophy, often known as muscle wasting, is a severe disorder marked by a decrease of skeletal muscle mass and strength. It occurs in various pathological states, including chronic kidney disease, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and heart failure, as well as during extended periods inactivity or aging. Muscle wasting is caused by an imbalance between the production and degradation of proteins, and important regulators including the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), and inflammatory cytokines are crucial in this process. Muscle homeostasis is regulated by important signaling pathways, such as the Akt/mTOR and NF-κB pathways. Furthermore, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction make muscle deterioration worse. By focusing on these molecular pathways, new treatment approaches seek to prevent muscle wasting. Preclinical and clinical investigations have demonstrated the potential of pharmacological treatments, including myostatin inhibitors, anti-inflammatory drugs, and anabolic agents, as well as nutritional therapies and regular exercise. New approaches to muscle regeneration are provided by emerging medicines such as RNA-based methods, gene editing, and stem cell therapy. This study examines the complex molecular processes causing muscle wasting and identifies effective treatment approaches meant to maintain muscular mass and function. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing effective treatments that enhance the quality of life for those affected.
Muscle wasting, Sarcopenia, Molecular Mechanisms, Therapies
Stability Indicating method for Estimation of Mefloquine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulation
A simple, selective, rapid, precise and accurate reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatogram method has been developed and validate stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the estimation of Mefloqine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations. Used developed and validate Hplc method for force degradation study. On the basis of reversed phase -HPLC mode (analyte) stationary phase with C18 bonded phase I.e waters symmetry c18 ,250 mm x 4.6 mm,5u was selected .Column with mobile phase consisting of 1.5 gm of sodium hydrogen sulphate mono hydrate(25) and 75 ml of methanol ,Detection was carried out at 280 nm and flow rate was 0.7 ml/Min .The developed method was validated for linearity accuracy, precision, selectivity, specificity, forced degradation studies, robustness ruggedness. By using the develop and validate RP- hplc method expedient study was carried out which is necessary in this case because the concentration of drug in the tablet formulation is very less than the other exciepients.
Smithhaa Mohod*, Pranjal Wankhede, VisheshMohod, Saurav Kumar
Integrated Approaches to Vaccine Safety Surveillance: Principles, Challenges, and Innovations
Vaccine safety surveillance plays a pivotal role in ensuring public confidence and maintaining the integrity of immunization programs worldwide. With the rapid development and deployment of vaccines, particularly during global health emergencies, traditional surveillance methods alone are insufficient to address emerging challenges in detecting, evaluating, and managing adverse events following immunization (AEFI). This paper explores integrated approaches to vaccine safety surveillance, highlighting the principles that govern effective monitoring, the limitations of conventional systems, and the need for innovative strategies. It emphasizes the integration of epidemiological studies, pharmacovigilance systems, big data analytics, real-world evidence, artificial intelligence, and digital health tools to enhance early signal detection, causality assessment, and risk communication. Key challenges such as underreporting, data harmonization, ethical considerations, and public trust are critically analyzed. Furthermore, the paper discusses recent innovations including blockchain-enabled data security, machine learning algorithms for predictive modeling, and global collaborative platforms that strengthen vaccine safety monitoring. By adopting a multidimensional and technology-driven approach, stakeholders can build resilient surveillance systems that not only safeguard public health but also foster transparency, trust, and long-term sustainability of immunization programs.
Vaccine safety surveillance; Adverse events following immunization (AEFI); Pharmacovigilance; Big data analytics; Artificial intelligence; Real-world evidence; Blockchain; Public trust; Global health; Immunization programs
Harshada V. Wagh, Girase Prashant D, Jagdeo Chandradeep B, Mahajan Ghanshyam S, Patil Jayesh H, Patil Pratiksha S, Pimple Fuaansha D
Evaluation of Synergistic Potential of Combined Extracts of Apple Peel and Goldenseal Root Extract
The study investigates the combined effects of apple peel and goldenseal root extracts as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. Aqueous and methanolic extracts were found to be the most potent, so two combinations were prepared: methanol combined extracts and aqueous combined extracts. These were used for antioxidant assays such as DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS assay, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and peroxynitrite bleaching of Pyrogallol red. Additionally, antimicrobial assays, including disc diffusion methods, were conducted against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The study aims to evaluate the synergistic potential of these combined extracts.
apple peel and goldenseal root extracts, DPPH radical
Dissecting the Overlaps: An Integrative Review of Asperger Syndrome in the Context of Autism Spectrum Disorder, ADHD, and Social Communication Disorders
Background: Asperger Syndrome (AS) was historically recognized as a distinct diagnosis but was subsumed under autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the DSM-5. This reclassification has raised important questions regarding overlaps and distinctions among AS, ASD, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and Social Communication Disorder (SCD). Understanding these intersections is critical for improving diagnostic accuracy, guiding interventions, and advancing research. Objectives: This review aims to (1) clarify the diagnostic boundaries between AS, ASD, ADHD, and SCD, (2) highlight challenges in comorbidity and differential diagnosis, and (3) discuss implications for clinical practice and research. Methods: A narrative integrative review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted, focusing on diagnostic frameworks, symptomatic overlaps, neurocognitive profiles, neurobiological underpinnings, comorbidities, and clinical outcomes. Comparative tables were developed to summarize shared and unique features across disorders. Results: Findings indicate significant overlap in social interaction difficulties, pragmatic communication deficits, and executive dysfunction across AS, ASD, ADHD, and SCD. However, unique markers—such as restricted/repetitive behaviors (ASD/AS), inattention and hyperactivity (ADHD), and isolated pragmatic language deficits (SCD)—aid in differentiation. Comorbidity, particularly between ASD/AS and ADHD, is common and often leads to misdiagnosis or diagnostic overshadowing. Neurobiological studies suggest both shared and distinct pathways, with converging evidence from genetics, brain connectivity, and neurochemistry. Conclusions: An integrative, dimensional approach is needed to refine diagnostic frameworks and intervention strategies. Future research should prioritize longitudinal, transdiagnostic studies and biomarker development, while clinical practice must emphasize multi-dimensional assessments and individualized care.
Asperger Syndrome, Autism Spectrum Disorder, ADHD, Social Communication Disorder, comorbidity, neurocognition, differential diagnosis
Tulsidas Nimbekar, Arjina Mondal, Goldee Yadav, Nirbhay kumar Yadav, Mayank Attri, Johny Lakra, Ekta Pandey, Yash Srivastav, Shakti Galhotrav*
Design, Synthesis, Characterisation and Biological Study of Pyrimidine Based Heterocycles
A series of novel 4-(2-amino-6-(substituted phenyl)pyrimidine-4-yl)-2,6-dibromobenzene-1,3-diol, were synthesized from different substituted 2,3-dibromo-1-(3,5-dibromo-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(substitutedphenyl)propane-1-one and guanidine hydrochloride were dissolved in ethanol. Double the quantity of sodium hydroxide was dissolved in minimum amount of water and added to reaction mixture. After 6Hrs. reflux, it was poured into 250 ml of water and recrystalized the structures of the compounds were elucidated by elemental and spectral (IR, 1H NMR,) analysis. The synthesized compounds were checked for biological evaluation i.e. antimicrobial study.
Chalcone, Pyrimidine, biological evaluation.
Nutritional Strategies for Enhancing Neurological Function: A Diet-Based Approach to Cognitive Health
The human brain, despite constituting only 2% of body weight, consumes approximately 20% of the body's energy, underscoring its reliance on adequate nutrition for optimal function. Emerging evidence highlights the profound impact of diet on cognitive health, with specific nutrients and dietary patterns influencing neuroprotection, synaptic plasticity, and neuroinflammation. This review explores the role of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) and micronutrients (omega-3 fatty acids, polyphenols, vitamins) in supporting brain health, emphasizing their ability to mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation, key contributors to neurodegenerative diseases. Dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean and ketogenic diets are examined for their neuroprotective benefits, including improved cognitive performance and reduced risk of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Additionally, the gut-brain axis is discussed as a critical pathway through which diet modulates brain function, with prebiotics, probiotics, and fiber-rich foods promoting a balanced microbiome and reducing neuroinflammation. This paper underscores the importance of personalized nutrition strategies in optimizing cognitive health and preventing neurological disorders, offering a comprehensive overview of diet-based approaches to enhance neurological function.
Cognitive health, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, Mediterranean diet, ketogenic diet, gut-brain axis, omega-3 fatty acids, polyphenols, antioxidants, personalized nutrition.
Huzaifa, Shah Alam, Shalini Patel, Richa Bajaj, Namita, Km. Shiva*
Styryl-Benzimidazoles: A Versatile Scaffold with Promising Therapeutic Potential – A Review
Styryl-benzimidazoles represent a significant class of heterocyclic compounds known for their wide-ranging biological activities. As hybrid molecules combining the benzimidazole nucleus with a styryl group, they offer structural flexibility, allowing fine-tuning of physicochemical and pharmacological properties. Over the years, researchers have explored this scaffold for its antimicrobial, anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antiparasitic properties. This review provides a comprehensive, reader-friendly overview of styryl-benzimidazole derivatives, focusing on their synthesis strategies, biological activities, structure-activity relationships (SAR), and future potential in medicinal chemistry.
Styryl-Benzimidazoles, heterocyclic compounds, synthesis strategies, biological activities, structure-activity relationships (SAR)
Ashok Kumar*, Santosh Kumar Shukla, Amresh Gupta
Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Oral Film of Lisinopril
The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of fast-dissolving oral films of Lisinopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used for the management of hypertension. Fast-dissolving films offer several advantages over conventional oral dosage forms, such as ease of administration, enhanced patient compliance, and rapid drug release. Various formulation strategies were employed, including the use of different polymers and excipients to optimize the film's mechanical properties, disintegration time, drug release profile, and stability. The films were prepared using a solvent-casting method and evaluated for appearance, thickness, weight, folding endurance, tensile strength, disintegration time, moisture content, and assay. Formulation F7 showed the best performance, with a rapid disintegration time of 32 seconds, excellent mechanical properties, and a high cumulative drug release (98.89%) at 10 minutes. The in-vitro drug release profile of F7 followed the Peppas model with a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. Stability studies indicated minimal changes in drug content over a 3-month period, confirming the stability of the optimized formulation. These findings suggest that F7 could serve as a promising fast-dissolving oral film for the delivery of lisinopril, offering a patient-friendly and efficient alternative to conventional tablets.
Lisinopril, Fast-dissolving oral films, Drug delivery, Disintegration time, Tensile strength, In-vitro drug release, Stability study, Polymers, Solvent-casting method, Antihypertensive drug
Aarti Singh Kushwah*, Sunil Shah, B. K. Dubey, Deepak Kumar Basedia, Prabhat Kumar Jain
Development and Validation of UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Quercetin and Kaempferol in Bulk Formulation
A UV-Visible spectrophotometric method was developed which provides an accurate and economical solution for Quercetin and Kaempferol simultaneous estimation in bulk formulations. The method utilizes an absorbance correction approach to determine the maximum absorption wavelengths of Quercetin at 370 nm and Kaempferol at 265 nm. The solvent used in the experiment was Methanol. The ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines stated that the method should pass validation for linearity along with accuracy, precision, and limit of detection and quantification parameters. The method demonstrated strong linear relationships across the 2–20 μg/mL concentration range for both compounds. The method achieved an accuracy between 98% and 102% while demonstrating acceptable precision with an %RSD of less than 2%. The proposed method enables efficient quality control testing of Quercetin and Kaempferol in combined bulk formulations.
Quercetin, Kaempferol, UV-Visible Spectrophotometry, Simultaneous Estimation, Validation, ICH Guidelines.
Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Potential of Helianthus Annuus Seed & Syzygium Cumini in the Suitable Experimental Model
Diabetes Mellitus is a rapidly growing global health concern with significant morbidity and mortality rates. With the limitations of current treatment modalities, research focus is shifting towards exploring potential medicinal properties of natural substances. This study aims to investigate the anti-diabetic properties of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) seeds and Syzygium cumini (Java plum) in a relevant experimental model. These plants have been traditionally used in folk medicine, and previous studies have suggested potential anti-diabetic activity. Our research will focus on assessing their influence on blood glucose levels, insulin resistance, lipid profiles, and oxidative stress markers. The findings of this study will provide valuable insights into the therapeutic potential of these plants in diabetes management, contributing to the ongoing search for effective, safe, and affordable plant-based therapies for diabetes. A comprehensive evaluation may pave the way for the development of novel, plant-derived anti-diabetic therapies.
Diabetes Mellitus, Anti-diabetic therapies, Helianthus annuus, Sunflower seeds, Syzygium cumini, Java plum
Tarun Kumar*, Dr Nasiruddin Ahmad Farooqui
Isolation and Identification of Novel Anti-Diabetic Compounds from Parthenium hysterophorus with Potential Anti-Diabetic Value
The global burden of diabetes mellitus continues to escalate, underscoring the urgent need for safer, cost-effective, and mechanism-driven therapeutic alternatives. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and characterize novel anti-diabetic compounds from Parthenium hysterophorus, an ethnomedicinal plant known for its traditional use in managing hyperglycemia. Successive Soxhlet extraction was performed using chloroform, methanol, and water. Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids and polyphenols across all extracts, with the methanolic extract exhibiting the richest phytoconstituent profile. Bioactivity-guided fractionation via column chromatography led to the isolation of a prominent bioactive fraction (F4), which was subjected to structural elucidation using UV-Vis, FTIR, ¹H NMR, GC-MS, and HPLC. Spectral analyses revealed that the compound was Parthenin, a sesquiterpene lactone bearing characteristic γ-lactone and hydroxyl functionalities. FTIR confirmed key groups (C=O, C=C, –OH), while NMR data supported a pseudoguaianolide skeleton. GC-MS identified several other supportive bioactives including β-sitosterol, phytol, and caryophyllene oxide. HPTLC and HPLC fingerprinting validated the chemical consistency and purity of the isolated compound. In vitro α-amylase inhibition assays demonstrated potent anti-diabetic activity, with the methanolic extract achieving 74.2% inhibition at 100 µg/mL, closely approaching the efficacy of standard Acarbose (84.5%). These results affirm Parthenium hysterophorus as a viable natural source of anti-diabetic agents, with Parthenin as a promising lead molecule.
Parthenium hysterophorus, Parthenin, α-amylase inhibition, sesquiterpene lactone, anti-diabetic activity, phytochemical analysis
Therapeutic Promise and Toxicological Concerns of Tea and Coffee Consumption: A Systematic Evaluation of Their Roles in Cancer Prevention, Cardiovascular Protection, and Age-Related Degenerative Diseases
Tea and coffee are among the most widely consumed beverages worldwide, offering not only sensory enjoyment but also potential health benefits due to their rich content of bioactive compounds such as catechins, chlorogenic acids, and caffeine. This review systematically evaluates their dual role—both therapeutic and toxicological—highlighting their contributions to cancer prevention, cardiovascular health, and the mitigation of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Evidence from epidemiological studies, in vitro and in vivo research, and clinical trials suggests that tea and coffee exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities through diverse mechanisms, including modulation of gene expression and cellular signaling pathways. However, excessive consumption or poor processing methods can lead to adverse effects such as caffeine toxicity, iron malabsorption, and exposure to contaminants like acrylamide and mycotoxins. Factors such as beverage type, preparation method, genetic polymorphisms, and lifestyle significantly influence the risk–benefit profile. Comparative analysis underscores the importance of individualized consumption strategies. The review also identifies research gaps, especially in long-term randomized controlled trials and bioavailability studies, to better understand the health implications of tea and coffee intake.
Tea, Coffee, Polyphenols, Caffeine, Cancer Prevention, Cardiovascular Protection, Neurodegeneration, Toxicology, Antioxidants, Bioactive Compounds
Neha Singh, Tanmay Ghosh, Shital Mahendra Sonawane, Sudhahar Dharmalingam, Abitha.H, Geethanjaly N. S., P.G. Manoj Kumar, Yash Srivastav, Mithilesh Kumar*
Exploring Aminohydantoin derivatives as promising antimalarial agents through In-silico Studies
Background: Our research highlights the In-silico of newer antimalarial compounds using molecular docking studies. Objective: The study investigates a series of aminohydantoin derivatives from previous literature, focusing on their biological activities as antimalarial agents. Method: Computational methods such as molecular docking employed to gain insights into the interaction between the synthesized compounds and the target enzyme PfDHFR-TS. Result: The compounds were showed good docking score like moldock score and re-rank score. The finding of docking studies shows a typical molecular interaction pattern with lactate dehydrogenises. The binding interaction information derived from these molecules will be useful in future antimalarial agent design. Conclusion: From the docking study, it was observed that ligands bind to the electrostatic, hydrophobic clamp formed by the residues Asp 76(B), Tyr 190(B), Tyr 80(B) and Lys 72(B) which play an important role for Plasmodium falciparum inhibition. The binding affinity, grid calculation and RMSD percentage lower and upper parameters were calculated. Hence, the observable data indicated that, above compounds can serve as good leads for further modification and optimization in the of treatment malaria.
Aminohydantoin, docking studies, Plasmodium falciparum, moldock score.
Trachyspermum ammi leaves: Phytochemical Composition, Pharmacological Potential, and Future Perspectives
Trachyspermum species, particularly Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain), are traditionally used in folk medicine across Asia and the Middle East. While the seeds have been extensively studied, the leaves remain underexplored despite their rich phytochemical profile. Recent investigations reveal that Trachyspermum leaves are reservoirs of essential oils, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids, suggesting significant pharmacological potential. This review compiles and discusses the botanical characteristics, chemical constituents, biological activities, and potential applications of Trachyspermum leaves, aiming to highlight gaps and future research directions.
Trachyspermum ammi; phytochemistry; essential oils; pharmacology; flavonoids; traditional medicine.
Qualitative and Quantitative Study of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Notonia Grandiflora Leaves
The present study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of Notonia grandiflora leaves. The extraction process yielded 12.5% ethanolic extract, indicating a high content of polar phytoconstituents. Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of important bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and proteins. Quantitative analysis revealed that the extract contained 0.52 mg/100 mg of total flavonoids and 0.89 mg/100 mg of total phenols, which are known contributors to antioxidant activity. The antioxidant potential was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. The ethanolic extract showed dose-dependent inhibition of DPPH radicals with a maximum of 51.87% at 100 µg/ml, and an IC₅₀ value of 95.11 µg/ml compared to 18.14 µg/ml for the standard antioxidant, ascorbic acid. These findings suggest that Notonia grandiflora leaves are a rich source of antioxidant phytochemicals and may have potential applications in the development of natural antioxidant therapies.
Notonia grandiflora, phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity, DPPH assay, flavonoids, phenolic content, ethanolic extract, IC₅₀, medicinal plants, radical scavenging.
Upendra Kumar*, Dr. Satkar Prasad, Dr. Sailesh Kumar Ghatuary
Hematological Impact of Next-Generation PFAS: Evaluation of Coagulation Parameters and Hemostatic Changes in Mice
Background: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), including next-generation alternatives like GenX and PFBS, are persistent environmental contaminants with emerging evidence of hematological toxicity. While extensively studied for hepatotoxicity and endocrine disruption, their effects on blood coagulation and hemostatic systems remain underexplored. Objective: This review aims to evaluate the impact of next-generation PFAS on coagulation parameters and hemostatic changes in murine models, and to assess their clinical and environmental relevance to human health. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted on studies involving mice exposed to emerging PFAS. Key parameters assessed included prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen levels, platelet counts, and associated molecular mechanisms. Results: Next-generation PFAS, though structurally distinct from legacy compounds, exhibit notable hematological alterations in mice, including prolonged coagulation times and decreased fibrinogen levels. These findings have translational relevance, particularly for populations exposed to contaminated environments. However, gaps in chronic exposure data, biomarker identification, and regulatory consistency remain significant. Conclusion: Next-generation PFAS may pose a hematotoxic risk comparable to or exceeding that of legacy PFAS. Future studies should focus on elucidating mechanisms, validating sensitive biomarkers, and integrating these effects into public health risk assessments.
PFAS, next-generation PFAS, GenX, hemostasis, blood coagulation, mice model, environmental toxicology, hematological effects, fibrinogen, platelet count
A Comparative overview of Older Vs Newer Antiepileptic Medications (AEDs)
For many years, antiepileptic medications (AEDs) have been the mainstay of epilepsy treatment. Although they are well-established in clinical practice, older AEDs like phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproate have a number of limitations. These include complex pharmacokinetic interactions brought on by enzyme stimulation, a greater risk of teratogenicity, bone loss, and neuropsychiatric adverse effects. On the other hand, more recent AEDs with better safety profiles include levetiracetam, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, and lacosamide. They are less likely to cause drug-drug interactions, have fewer negative effects on cognition and psychiatry, and are typically better tolerated. These benefits make them especially appropriate for older people and those who need polypharmacy due to comorbidities. Newer AEDs frequently have higher prices and less long-term safety evidence, despite these advantages. For example, levetiracetam is an effective medication, but dosing tactics might affect its acceptability; slower titration and lower doses reduce adverse effects.
Epilepsy, AEDs, neurological, Brain, antiepileptic
Phytochemical Analysis and Eco-Friendly pH Indicator Catharanthus Roseus: A Green Chemistry Approach
Due to increasing demand in sustainability and non-toxic alternatives in chemical practices has driven interest in naturally occurring pH indicator from plant sources. This study explores the potential of Catharanthus roseus flower aqueous extract (commonly known as Madagascar periwinkle) as a pH indicator in acid-base titrations. Aqueous extract of Catharanthus roseus has been investigated as it has the same indicator activity compared to that of the standard synthetic indicator’s phenolphthalein. To evaluate its potential four type of neutralization titration were performed and the result had been recorded. The results shows that the green pH indicator from Catharanthus roseus has the comparable performance as that of the synthetic indicators. Thus, this green Catharanthus roseus pH indicator can be an alternative to various chemical synthetic indicators, as it is Eco-friendly, easy availability, cost-effective and most importantly provides sustainability in analytical practices. This research supports the use of Catharanthus roseus as a viable alternative to synthetic indicator, aligning with green chemistry principle by promoting biodegradable, low toxicity and renewable materials in analytical chemistry.
Catharanthus roseus, titration, pH indicators, Eco-friendly, Green indicator, analytical practices.