International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design
type: channel
description: International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design (IJPDD) is an international online journal published monthly, is a one-stop, open access source for a high quality and peer reviewed journal in the fields of pharmaceutical sciences, Biopharmaceutical sciences, Biological, Pharmacological and toxicological research. IJPDD aims to provide a common platform for all researchers and scientists to communicate and publishes original research papers, critical reviews and short communications, case study on the latest developments in the medical research and pharmaceutical sciences with a strong emphasis on the originality and scientific quality of the work. As medical and pharmaceutical research is a multidisciplinary field, IJPDD aims to fulfil this mission by publishing original research papers, critical reviews and short communications on the latest advancements in the medical research and pharmaceutical sciences. All articles published in IJPDD will be made freely accessible online immediately upon publication. IJPDD extends an invitation to researchers, research scholars, academicians, industrialists, and consulting firms, among others, to share the excellent work they have done for the advancement of science and technology. Journal Standards: Eminent editorials from around the world. Rapid Email alert Updates Our Journal is indexed in a variety of databases maintained by reputable international publishers A comprehensive online journal that is freely accessible to readers. Fast online manuscript submission. Certificate of Publication Available Upon Request from Authors All papers that are published in IJPDD will be made freely available online immediately upon publication, and there will be no costs levied for subscriptions. Rapid publishing and great exposure.
publisher: Sujata Publications
language: en
publication name: International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design
issn: 2584-2897
items: Investigation of Combined Impact of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation and Soft Tissue Release on Glenohumeral Rhythm in Post-Mastectomy Adhesive Capsulitis: A Pilot Study
items: Ethnomedicinal Significance, Phytochemical Profile, and Pharmacological Potential of Murraya koenigii
items: Development and Optimization of Acyl Chitosan-based SNEDDS for enhanced Oral Bioavailability of Lipophilic Drugs
items: Design and Optimization of Thymoquinone-Loaded Nanosponges for Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy
items: Formulation and in-vitro evaluation of Mucoadhesive Ocular Inserts for Enhanced Retention of Sulfacetamide Sodium
items: Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Properties of Honey from Different Plant Sources
items: Exploring the Antidiabetic Potential of Plumeria Alba in Type 2 Diabetic Animal Model
items: A Systemic Review on Management and Treatment of Varicose Vein
items: Synthesis, Characterization and Phase Behavior with Ester of Terminal Alkoxy Chains and Methoxy Substituent
items: Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Advanced Drug Delivery Platforms: A Comprehensive Review
items: Investigation of In-Vitro Anti-Ulcer Activity of Whole Plant Methanolic Extract of Ficus Religiosa
items: Design and Characterization of Herbal Nanoemulsion for Topical Therapy of Psoriasis
items: Advancements in Nanoemulsion-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems for Gout Treatment: A Comprehensive Review
items: Development and Evaluation of Lycopene and Alpha-Tocopherol-Loaded Ethosomal Gel Optimized by Design of Experiments for Managing Oral Sub-Mucosal Fibrosis
items: Design Of Experiment Approach for Optimization and Characterization of Lycopene and Coenzyme Q10 Microemulsion for Treatment of Oral Submucosa Fibrosis
items: Evaluation of Phytoconstituents and Hepatoprotective Activity (In-Vitro) of Flower Extract of Hippaeastrum Vittatum
items: A Review on Development of Anti-Inflammatory Hydrogel Incorporating Tulsi and Indian Frankincense for Enhanced Wound Healing and Tissue Repairing
items: Investigation of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Properties of Piper Hymenophyllum Miq.
items: Development and Physicochemical Evaluation of Aceclofenac-Loaded Emulgel
items: Formulation, Optimization, and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablet of Promethazine Hcl
items: Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacological Activities of Tridax procumbens: A Comprehensive Review
items: Development and In-Vitro Characterization of a Personalized, pH-Responsive Polypill for Dual-Drug Delivery via Multi-Material FDM 3D Printing
items: Antidiabetic Efficacy of Diosmetin-Loaded Phytosomes in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats
items: Muscle Wasting: Molecular Mechanisms and Promising Therapies
items: Stability Indicating method for Estimation of Mefloquine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulation
items: Integrated Approaches to Vaccine Safety Surveillance: Principles, Challenges, and Innovations
items: Evaluation of Synergistic Potential of Combined Extracts of Apple Peel and Goldenseal Root Extract
items: Dissecting the Overlaps: An Integrative Review of Asperger Syndrome in the Context of Autism Spectrum Disorder, ADHD, and Social Communication Disorders
items: Design, Synthesis, Characterisation and Biological Study of Pyrimidine Based Heterocycles
items: Nutritional Strategies for Enhancing Neurological Function: A Diet-Based Approach to Cognitive Health

Investigation of Combined Impact of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation and Soft Tissue Release on Glenohumeral Rhythm in Post-Mastectomy Adhesive Capsulitis: A Pilot Study
type: item
description: Background: This study investigates the combined effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) and soft tissue release on glenohumeral rhythm in patients with post-mastectomy adhesive capsulitis. Adhesive capsulitis is a common complication following mastectomy, characterized by pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion in the shoulder joint. PNF and soft tissue release are therapeutic techniques that have shown promise in improving shoulder function and reducing pain in various musculoskeletal conditions. However, their combined effect on glenohumeral rhythm in post-mastectomy adhesive capsulitis remains underexplored. Materials & Methods: The study included a total of 50 participants with post-mastectomy adhesive capsulitis, divided into two groups: Group A (PNF and soft tissue release) and Group B (conventional physical therapy). Demographic data, including age, weight, and height, were collected from both groups. The primary outcomes assessed were range of motion measurements, including shoulder flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, and lateral rotation. Pain levels were evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The interventions were administered for a specified duration, and the outcomes were measured pre- and post-intervention. Statistical analysis, including mean, standard deviation, and p-values, was conducted to compare the results between the two groups. Results: The results of the study revealed significant improvements in range of motion and pain reduction in Group A (PNF and soft tissue release) compared to Group B (conventional physical therapy). Group A showed greater improvements in shoulder flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, and lateral rotation compared to Group B. Additionally, Group A demonstrated a greater reduction in pain levels compared to Group B. The differences observed between the two groups were statistically significant. Conclusion: The findings of this study support the …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Post-mastectomy adhesive capsulitis, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, PNF, soft tissue release, glenohumeral rhythm, range of motion, pain reduction, shoulder function, rehabilitation.
  topic: keywords
creator: Shivani Singh, Ravishankar Kumar, Rituraj Verma
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-05
publication date: 2026-02-05
starting page: 28
ending page: 42
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.3.1.06

Ethnomedicinal Significance, Phytochemical Profile, and Pharmacological Potential of Murraya koenigii
type: item
description: The present work emphasizes traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacology of a traditionally used and medicinally promising plant Murraya koenigii. It is traditionally used for various ailments such as diabetes mellitus, body pain, inflammation, vomiting, kidney pain, curing piles, leucoderma, blood purifier, snake bites, stomachic, carminative and osteoporosis. The plant contains alkaloids, sterols, triterpenoids, carotenoid, furocoumarins, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides are main class of phytochemical constituents. Curry leaves contain proteins, carbohydrates, fibre, minerals, carotene, nicotinic acid, vitamin C, oxalic acid, crystalline glycosides. The biocative compound are present like mahanine, koenine, koenigine,koenidine, girinimbiol, girinimibine, pinene, sabinene, caryophyllene, cadinol andcadinene. The plant has been reported to exhibit various pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidative, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiulcer, positive inotropic and anti- obesty, hepatoprotective, antispasmodic, anti-amoebic and anti- tumour. Also the plant has been exploredfor their traditional claims in preclinical studies. Murraya koenigii holds a great potential to be emerged as chemically potential medicine.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Murrayakoenigii, Traditionaluses, Phytochemistry, Biological activity.
  topic: keywords
creator: Tehreen Parveen*, Mandeep Pundir, Hardeep Kaur, Mandeep Kaur
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 71
ending page: 82
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.12.06

Development and Optimization of Acyl Chitosan-based SNEDDS for enhanced Oral Bioavailability of Lipophilic Drugs
type: item
description: The oral bioavailability of lipophilic drugs is often limited due to their poor aqueous solubility and low permeability. Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS) have emerged as a promising approach to enhance the solubility and absorption of such drugs. This study focuses on the development and optimization of acyl chitosanbased SNEDDS to improve the oral bioavailability of lipophilic drugs. Acyl chitosan, a biocompatible and amphiphilic polymer, was utilized to enhance the stability and emulsification efficiency of the SNEDDS formulation. The formulation was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), considering factors such as droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), and drug loading capacity. Characterization studies, including particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, and in vitro drug release studies, were conducted to assess the efficiency of the developed SNEDDS. The optimized formulation demonstrated a significant increase in drug solubility and dissolution rate compared to conventional formulations. Furthermore, in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in animal models revealed an enhanced bioavailability, confirming the potential of acyl chitosan-based SNEDDS as a viable strategy for improving the oral delivery of lipophilic drugs. These findings suggest that acyl chitosan-based SNEDDS can serve as an efficient platform for overcoming the solubility and absorption challenges associated with poorly water-soluble drugs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Acyl chitosan, SNEDDS, oral bioavailability, lipophilic drugs, drug solubility, nanoemulsion, response surface methodology, pharmacokinetics, drug delivery system.
  topic: keywords
creator: Subham Mandal
creator: Suraj Mandal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-07
publication date: 2026-01-07
starting page: 22
ending page: 27
doi: 10.62896/

Design and Optimization of Thymoquinone-Loaded Nanosponges for Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy
type: item
description: Thymoquinone (TQ), a bioactive compound derived from Nigella sativa, has demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making it a promising candidate for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, its clinical application is limited due to poor solubility, stability, and bioavailability. In this study, we aimed to design and optimize thymoquinone-loaded nanosponges (TQ-NS) as a novel drug delivery system to enhance its therapeutic efficacy in RA therapy. The nanosponges were fabricated using the solvent evaporation technique, and their physicochemical properties, such as size, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, and drug release profile, were thoroughly evaluated. The in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of the TQ-NS were assessed using standard models of inflammation. The results showed that TQ-NS significantly improved the solubility, stability, and sustained release of thymoquinone, leading to enhanced anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, the TQ-NS demonstrated promising potential for the targeted treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. These findings suggest that thymoquinone-loaded nanosponges could offer an effective and innovative approach to RA therapy
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Thymoquinone, Nanosponges, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Drug Delivery System, Inflammation, Bioavailability, Solubility, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Optimization.
  topic: keywords
creator: Subham Mandal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-07
publication date: 2026-01-07
starting page: 17
ending page: 21
doi: 10.62896/

Formulation and in-vitro evaluation of Mucoadhesive Ocular Inserts for Enhanced Retention of Sulfacetamide Sodium
type: item
description: The present study focuses on the formulation and in-vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive ocular inserts to enhance the retention time and bioavailability of Sulfacetamide Sodium, a widely used antibiotic for treating bacterial conjunctivitis and other ocular infections. Conventional eye drops suffer from rapid precorneal elimination, leading to poor therapeutic efficacy and frequent dosing. To overcome these limitations, mucoadhesive ocular inserts were developed using hydrophilic polymers such as HPMC, sodium alginate, and chitosan, which provide prolonged drug release and improved adhesion to the ocular mucosa. The inserts were prepared using solvent casting techniques and evaluated for physicochemical properties, swelling index, tensile strength, in-vitro drug release, ex-vivo mucoadhesion, and sterility. FTIR analysis confirmed drug-polymer compatibility, and in-vitro release studies demonstrated sustained drug release for over 12 hours, following nonFickian diffusion kinetics. Ex-vivo mucoadhesion studies revealed significant adhesion potential, ensuring prolonged retention in the ocular cavity. The optimized formulation exhibited enhanced bioavailability, reduced dosing frequency, and improved patient compliance, making it a promising alternative for the sustained ocular delivery of Sulfacetamide Sodium.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mucoadhesive ocular inserts, Sulfacetamide Sodium, sustained drug release, bioavailability, ocular retention, in-vitro evaluation, hydrophilic polymers, bacterial conjunctivitis.
  topic: keywords
creator: Subham Mandal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-07
publication date: 2026-01-07
starting page: 12
ending page: 16
doi: 10.62896/

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Properties of Honey from Different Plant Sources
type: item
description: Honey has been widely recognized for its medicinal properties, particularly in anti-inflammatory and wound healing applications. This study evaluates the efficacy of honey derived from different plant sources in modulating inflammatory responses and enhancing tissue regeneration. Various honey samples were analyzed for their phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial properties to determine their therapeutic potential. In vitro and in vivo assays were conducted to assess their ability to reduce inflammation and accelerate wound closure. The results indicate that honeys sourced from Melaleuca, Eucalyptus, and Trifolium species exhibit significant antiinflammatory effects due to their high flavonoid and phenolic content. Moreover, the wound healing efficiency of these honeys was found to be superior to conventional treatments, suggesting their potential use in alternative medicine and pharmaceutical formulations. This study highlights the role of honey as a natural bioactive agent and underscores the importance of plant source selection for optimized therapeutic benefits.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Honey, Anti-inflammatory, Wound healing, Phytochemicals, Antioxidant activity, Medicinal properties, Tissue regeneration, Flavonoids, Phenolic compounds, Alternative medicine
  topic: keywords
creator: Subham Mandal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-07
publication date: 2026-01-07
starting page: 7
ending page: 11
doi: 10.62896/

Exploring the Antidiabetic Potential of Plumeria Alba in Type 2 Diabetic Animal Model
type: item
description: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterised by high blood sugar levels. Compared to allopathic medications, plant-based therapies are less harmful. Flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids are found in the well-known medicinal plant Plumeria alba Linn (Apocynaceae). Antioxidants and terpenoids. However, it is yet unknown if Plumeria alba Linn. leaves have an antihyperglycemic effect. The hypoglycemic effects of ethanolic and aqueous leaf extractives of Plumeria alba were examined in a Streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced Type II diabetes model and compared to the diabetic control group. The anti-diabetic effect was evaluated in albino Wistar rats. For 21 days, ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts at 250 mg/kg b.w. and 500 mg/kg b.w. were administered to normal and experimental rats, and the measurement of the impact on blood sugar levels. The ethanolic extract at a dosage of 500 mg/kg b.w. shows a highly substantial (p<0.001) decrease in blood glucose levels compared to the diabetes control group..
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Anti diabetic activity , Blood sugar level, Plant extract P alba, STZ-NAD
  topic: keywords
creator: Md. Tarique Anwar
creator: Janvi Chauhan
creator: Anuj Mittal
creator: Rana Firdaus
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-07
publication date: 2026-01-07
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.62896/

A Systemic Review on Management and Treatment of Varicose Vein
type: item
description: Varicose veins, a prevalent vascular condition characterized by enlarged and twisted veins visible beneath the skin's surface, stem from compromised vein valves that lead to inefficient blood flow, pooling, and heightened venous pressure. This comprehensive review explores the diverse array of treatment options available for varicose veins. It covers conservative measures such as lifestyle modifications and compression therapy, which aim to alleviate symptoms and prevent progression. Additionally, the review delves into minimally invasive procedures like sclerotherapy and endovenous thermal ablation, which offer targeted closure of affected veins with minimal discomfort and rapid recovery times. Surgical interventions such as high ligation and vein stripping are also discussed, providing effective solutions for more severe cases. Each treatment modality's efficacy, benefits, and potential complications are critically evaluated, offering healthcare providers a balanced perspective to guide individualized treatment plans and optimize patient outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Varicose vein, endovenous treatment, Conservative treatments, Lifestyle changes, Compression stockings, Sclerotherapy
  topic: keywords
creator: Rajeev Garg, Suraj Bansal, Naina*
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 54
ending page: 70
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.12.05

Synthesis, Characterization and Phase Behavior with Ester of Terminal Alkoxy Chains and Methoxy Substituent
type: item
description: A series of calamitic phenyl ester-aromatic imine derived from the reaction of 4-(N'-(4-methoxyphenyl)acetimidamido)phenyl 4-alkoxybenzoate by condensing 0.1 Mole of 4- acetamidophenyl -4-n-alkoxy benzoates [B] with 0.1 mole of 4-anisidine exhibited mesomorphic and present series compared with other structure related series have been successfully synthesized and characterized. The general molecular structures of ultimate compounds show the central fragment made up by a hybrid core of phenyl ester-aromatic imine in which the terminal alkoxy(-OR) chains, Cn H2n + 1 in which n = 1 to8, 10,12,14 and 16 were connected to phenyl while the other end consists of methoxy moiety attached to a phenyl ring. All the target compounds under polarized lights exhibit enantiotropic nematic phase of which the temperature range was further supported by DSC analysis. It can be summarized that the lengthening of terminal alkoxy (-OR) chains has contributed to the lowering of melting and clearing temperatures as well as the thermal stability of nematic phase.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Aromatic imine, central fragment, enantiotropic, polarized, nematic
  topic: keywords
creator: Gita Zala
creator: Pramodkumar Mahour
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-16
publication date: 2025-12-16
starting page: 45
ending page: 53
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.12.04

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Advanced Drug Delivery Platforms: A Comprehensive Review
type: item
description: Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have emerged as one of the most promising nanocarriers in advanced drug delivery systems due to their highly ordered pore structure, large surface area, tunable pore size, and exceptional biocompatibility. Drug delivery aims to transport therapeutic compounds efficiently to targeted tissues, improving pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics while minimizing adverse effects. Over the past two decades, MSNs have gained significant attention for their customizable architecture, surface modification capacity, and ability to enhance the stability, solubility, and controlled release of various drugs (1,6). The development of surfactant-templated mesoporous silica in 1992 marked a major breakthrough, followed by the introduction of MSNs for drug delivery in 1998 through pioneering patents and experimental demonstrations (14,16). MSN research has expanded exponentially since 2013, reflecting their growing relevance in cancer therapy, targeted delivery, and stimuli-responsive drug release, with publications rising from fewer than 50 annually before 2012 to more than 450 in 2021 (1). Their ability to deliver hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and sensitive therapeutic agents—combined with immediate, sustained, and responsive release properties—makes MSNs versatile platforms in biomedical applications. Despite advantages such as high drug-loading capacity, biodegradability, and ease of functionalization, challenges including complex synthesis, potential aggregation, long-term toxicity concerns, and high production costs remain barriers to clinical translation (9,10). Overall, MSNs represent a transformative approach in nanomedicine, offering significant potential to enhance therapeutic outcomes, reduce systemic toxicity, and support the development of precision drug delivery technologies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs); Drug delivery systems; Controlled release; Targeted therapy; Nanomedicine; Surface functionalization; Stimuli-responsive delivery; Biocompatible nanocarriers.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ashwini Shinde*, Snehal Farat, Sayali Shelke, Aditi Pashte, Apeksha Gaikar, Anish Gupta, Harsh Yadav
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15
starting page: 40
ending page: 44
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.12.03

Investigation of In-Vitro Anti-Ulcer Activity of Whole Plant Methanolic Extract of Ficus Religiosa
type: item
description: Background & Objectives: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the in-vitro anti-ulcer potential of the methanolic extract of Ficus religiosa Linn. through two key mechanisms — Acid Neutralizing Capacity (ANC) and H+/K+-ATPase inhibition assay — to determine its ability to neutralize gastric acid and inhibit proton pump activity. Methods and Results: Acid Neutralizing Capacity (ANC) Assay: The acid-neutralizing capacity of the methanolic extract of Ficus religiosa was evaluated at different concentrations (100–1500 mg) and compared with a standard antacid preparation containing Aluminium hydroxide and Magnesium hydroxide [Al(OH)₃ + Mg(OH)₂]. The extract exhibited a concentration-dependent increase in acid neutralization, as indicated by the progressive increase in the volume of NaOH consumed with higher doses. At 100 mg, the extract neutralized 1.0 mEq of acid with an ANC of 10.0 mmol/g. Increasing the concentration to 500 mg resulted in the neutralization of 2.4 mEq of acid (ANC 4.8 mmol/g). Further enhancement was observed at 1000 mg, which neutralized 4.4 mEq of acid with an ANC of 4.4 mmol/g. The highest concentration tested, 1500 mg, showed the maximum acid-neutralizing effect by neutralizing 7.2 mEq of acid (ANC 4.8 mmol/g), indicating superior antacid activity among the extract doses. The standard antacid (500 mg) neutralized 7.6 mEq of acid with an ANC of 15.2 mmol/g, thereby validating the experimental procedure. Overall, the findings demonstrate that the methanolic extract of Ficus religiosa possesses significant acid-neutralizing potential, with the highest effectiveness observed at the 1500 mg concentration, supporting its potential use as a natural antacid agent. H+/K+-ATPase Inhibition Assay: The aqueous extract of Ficus religiosa was evaluated for its ability to inhibit gastric proton pump activity at concentrations of 20 µg, 40 µg, 60 µg, 80 µg, and 100 µg, using Omeprazole as the standard. The extract exhibited significant, dose-depende…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ficus religiosa Linn , Acid Neutralizing Capacity, H+/K+ -ATPase inhibition, Anti-ulcer activity, Phytochemicals, Gastroprotective effect.
  topic: keywords
creator: Sachin Rathod
creator: Laxmi Gidnavar
creator: Mallika Arakeri
creator: Najma Nadaf
creator: Naveen Rathod
creator: Nirmala Galgali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15
starting page: 26
ending page: 39
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.12.02

Design and Characterization of Herbal Nanoemulsion for Topical Therapy of Psoriasis
type: item
description: This study focuses on the comprehensive physical characterization, identification, and nanoemulsion formulation of garlic and cinnamon extracts to enhance cutaneous dispersion. A physical investigation revealed that garlic was an off-white powder with a pungent aroma and taste, whereas cinnamon was a reddish-brown powder lacking a distinct form, exuding a sweet and woody scent. The melting point test confirmed the published values: garlic melted at 165°C and cinnamon melted at −7°C. FTIR spectroscopy showed obvious, distinct peaks when it was used to find functional groups. This supports the idea that the molecule is real. The UV spectrophotometric calibration curves in methanol indicated that both extracts had extremely great linearity (R² > 0.997). This suggested that the method was good for quantitative analysis. We used oleic acid as the oil phase, Tween 80 as the surfactant, and PEG 400 as the co-surfactant to make nanoemulsions. We accomplished this by analyzing solubility profiles and constructing a pseudo-ternary phase diagram. Out of all the Smix ratios that were tried, the 2:1 ratio made the best nanoemulsion area. Thermodynamic stability tests indicated that formulation A2 has the optimum physicochemical qualities for application on the skin. These were the droplet size (50.00±1.57 nm), the low PDI (0.14±0.03), the pH (6.5±0.52), the viscosity (140.8±3.02 cP), and the high transmittance (97.56±0.06%). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the existence of uniform, spherical nanodroplets free from aggregation. Ex-vivo permeation studies employing porcine ear skin demonstrated significantly enhanced penetration and dermal deposition with the nanoemulsion hydrogel (Formulation A2) relative to the conventional carbopol gel, yielding enhancement ratios of 2.93 and 2.74 for garlic and cinnamon, respectively. Stability studies under ICH conditions showed that the droplet size and other physical characteristics didn't change significantly over 90 days.…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: garlic, cinnamon extracts, nanoemulsion, psoriasis
  topic: keywords
creator: Abhay Pundir*, Mukesh Kumar, Robin Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
starting page: 01
ending page: 25
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.12.01

Advancements in Nanoemulsion-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems for Gout Treatment: A Comprehensive Review
type: item
description: Gout is a metabolic condition characterized by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the joints, leading to intense inflammation, pain, and swelling. Despite the availability of several treatment strategies, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and urate-lowering therapies (ULT), these treatments often present adverse effects, limiting their long-term use. Nanoemulsion-based transdermal drug delivery systems have emerged as promising alternatives, offering enhanced drug penetration, stability, and controlled release while minimizing systemic side effects. These systems, composed of nanoscale droplets, allow for the effective delivery of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs, overcoming biological barriers such as the skin’s stratum corneum. Nanoemulsions improve bioavailability, provide localized treatment, and reduce the need for frequent dosing, making them ideal for chronic conditions like gout. This review explores the advancements in nanoemulsion technology for gout treatment, focusing on the use of anti-inflammatory drugs like naproxen sodium in transdermal delivery systems. Additionally, the review discusses the challenges and potential solutions in the development and optimization of nanoemulsion formulations for enhanced therapeutic efficacy in gout management.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gout, Nanoemulsions, Transdermal Drug Delivery, NSAIDs, Naproxen Sodium, Bioavailability.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nitish Kumar*, Indu Mittal, Raj Kumar Tiwari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-11-29
publication date: 2025-11-29
starting page: 34
ending page: 50
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.11.05

Development and Evaluation of Lycopene and Alpha-Tocopherol-Loaded Ethosomal Gel Optimized by Design of Experiments for Managing Oral Sub-Mucosal Fibrosis
type: item
description: Background: Oral sub-mucosal fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic fibro-inflammatory disorder marked by progressive fibrosis leading to collagen deposition in the epithelial layer of the mouth. Trismus and dysfunction may result from an effect on the underlying masticatory muscles. Ethosomes were fabricated using a cold method. Aim: This research focused on the formulation of a novel ethosomal gel encapsulating lycopene, which exhibits both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and Alpha-Tocopherol, a well-known antioxidant, aimed at enhancing localized therapy for OSMF. Ethosomes are systematically optimized through Design of Experiments (DOE) to fine-tune vesicle size, drug loading, and release behaviour. Result: The optimized ethosomal gel exhibited a pH of 6.5 ± 0.01, good viscosity, and spreadability (1.76 ± 0.03 g·cm/s). It achieved entrapment efficiencies of 85.24% for lycopene and 83.67% for alpha-tocopherol. It provided sustained drug release, indicating suitability for controlled buccal delivery. Cumulative drug release reached 45.53%, 63.03%, and 85.72% (Lycopene) and 21.74%, 42.95%, and 77.13% (Alpha-Tocopherol) at 1, 5, and 24 h, confirming sustained delivery and good vesicle stability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ethosomal gel, Lycopene, Alpha-Tocopherol, Oral Submucosal Fibrosis
  topic: keywords
creator: Bhumika Sahu, Harsh Pratap Singh Rajpoot, Nitesh Yadav, Shubham Pare, Shah Alam, Aniruddha Pare*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-11-29
publication date: 2025-11-29
starting page: 25
ending page: 33
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.11.04

Design Of Experiment Approach for Optimization and Characterization of Lycopene and Coenzyme Q10 Microemulsion for Treatment of Oral Submucosa Fibrosis
type: item
description: Background: Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic, progressive disorder of the oral mucosa characterized by fibrosis, trismus, and burning sensation. Current therapies offer limited benefits due to poor solubility, stability, and bioavailability of drugs. Lycopene and Coenzyme Q10, with strong antioxidant and anti-fibrotic properties, have therapeutic potential but are limited by these formulation challenges. Aim: The study aimed to design, optimize, and characterize a microemulsion of Lycopene and Coenzyme Q10 using a Quality by Design (QbD)-based Design of Experiments (DoE) approach for effective management of OSMF. Result: A microemulsion was formulated using olive oil, Tween 80, and glycerol, optimized through a Box–Behnken Design. The optimized formulation showed a particle size of 52 nm, zeta potential of –31.9 mV, and a PDI of 0.366, indicating nanoscale uniformity and stability. Entrapment efficiency was 74.5% for Lycopene and 97.5% for Coenzyme Q10. In-vitro release studies demonstrated biphasic, sustained drug release, ensuring both immediate and prolonged antioxidant effects.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Oral Submucous Fibrosis, Microemulsion, Lycopene, Coenzyme Q10, Design of Experiments, Antioxidants.
  topic: keywords
creator: Harsh Pratap Singh Rajpoot*, Dr Aniruddha Pare, Shubham Pare, Bhumika Sahu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-11-29
publication date: 2025-11-29
starting page: 16
ending page: 24
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.11.03

Evaluation of Phytoconstituents and Hepatoprotective Activity (In-Vitro) of Flower Extract of Hippaeastrum Vittatum
type: item
description: The present study investigates the phytochemical profile and in-vitro hepatoprotective potential of the flower extract of Hippeastrum vittatum. Fresh flowers were collected, authenticated, shade-dried, powdered, and subjected to ethanolic extraction, yielding 5.8% w/w of crude extract. Pharmacognostical evaluation, including anatomical, organoleptic, ash value, and extractive value analysis, confirmed the purity and morphological identity of the plant material. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, carbohydrates, and mucilage, indicating a rich composition of bioactive constituents. Quantitative estimation demonstrated high total phenolic content (94 µg/mg) and total flavonoid content (145 µg/mg), suggesting strong antioxidant potential. Antioxidant assays further supported this: the ethanolic extract showed significant free radical scavenging activity with an IC₅₀ of 44.5 µg/ml in the DPPH assay, strong reducing power (absorbance 0.799 at 800 µg/ml), nitric oxide scavenging activity (IC₅₀ = 83.53 µg/ml), and a total antioxidant capacity of 134 µg α-tocopherol equivalents/mg.Column chromatographic separation yielded two major compounds. Compound-I was identified as chlorogenic acid based on UV, IR, NMR, and mass spectrometric analysis. Compound-II was confirmed as quercetin, a well-known flavonoid with potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. The presence of these compounds correlates with the strong antioxidant ability of the extract, indicating its potential role in mitigating oxidative stress–induced hepatic injury.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hippeastrum vittatum, phytoconstituents, antioxidant activity, chlorogenic acid, quercetin
  topic: keywords
creator: Akhilesh Singh
creator: Santosh Kumar Shukla
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-11-29
publication date: 2025-11-29
starting page: 09
ending page: 15
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.11.02

A Review on Development of Anti-Inflammatory Hydrogel Incorporating Tulsi and Indian Frankincense for Enhanced Wound Healing and Tissue Repairing
type: item
description: The creation of hydrogels infused with herbal components for wound healing has surfaced as a potential direction in biomedical research and natural medicine. This research examines the composition and therapeutic efficacy of anti-inflammatory hydrogel systems using Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) and Boswellia serrata (Indian Frankincense). These herbs are esteemed in traditional medicine for their powerful anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and tissue-regenerative qualities. The review examines the physiological mechanisms of wound healing, emphasises the significance of inflammatory regulation, and offers comprehensive insights into the phytochemistry and pharmacodynamics of Tulsi and Boswellia. It also explores contemporary formulation methodologies, assessment criteria, and preclinical evidence, emphasising how these botanical medicines promote healing when integrated into hydrogel systems. Challenges and constraints are thoroughly assessed, and future opportunities for sophisticated hydrogel-based herbal formulations are delineated.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hydrogel, Tulsi, Ocimum sanctum, Indian Frankincense, Boswellia serrata, Wound healing, Anti-inflammatory, Herbal formulation, Polyherbal hydrogel
  topic: keywords
creator: Tanu Kumari, Mukesh Kumar*, Dhananjay Taumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Pharmaceutical Drug Design https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-11-29
publication date: 2025-11-29
starting page: 01
ending page: 08
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.11.01

Investigation of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Properties of Piper Hymenophyllum Miq.
type: item
description: The genus Piper stands out as the most extensive within the Piperaceae family, showcasing a diverse array of species that are prevalent across tropical regions. A variety of Piper species have been historically utilized for multiple purposes, particularly in medicinal applications, owing to their rich phytochemical compositions. In the commercial market, the pepper of Piperaceae stands out as the most traded spice globally. Piper species have been utilized in traditional medicine across the globe to address various health issues, including urological disorders, skin conditions, liver and stomach ailments, wound healing, and to provide antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects. Piper hymenophyllum (Vaal thippili) is an endemic plant native to South India, known for its use by the Kani tribals in the treatment of gastric ailments. Although it has been traditionally utilized, there is a scarcity of documented evidence in the literature concerning its phytochemical properties. This study investigated the pharmacological activities of lesser-known wild piper species, specifically focusing on the leaf, stem, and fruit of P. hymenophyllum, thereby enhancing our understanding of its potential therapeutic applications and biochemical properties. The objective of the study was addressed through qualitative preliminary screening and confirmatory tests, which identified the presence of both primary and secondary metabolites. Quantification of total phenolic content revealed the highest concentration in the ethyl acetate leaf extract (247.18 mg GAE/g extract). Similarly, flavonoid content was found to be highest in the ethyl acetate extracts of P. hymenophyllum leaf, fruit and stem, ranging from 241 to 304 mg RE/g extract. In vitro antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, Superoxide radical scavenging and Phosphomolybdenum) demonstrated that the antioxidant activity was consistently highest in the ethyl acetate extracts of Piper hymenophyllum leaf, fruit and stem across all assays. This …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidants, Piper hymenophyllum.
  topic: keywords
creator: Narmathasri J, Deepa MA, Pradheeba M, Vasukipriyadharshini G, Narthanaa S, Magi G, Pugalenthi M
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sujata Publications https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-13
publication date: 2025-10-13
starting page: 01
ending page: 08
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.10.01

Development and Physicochemical Evaluation of Aceclofenac-Loaded Emulgel
type: item
description: The emulgel formulation has emerged as one of the most efficient and effective strategies for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs. Emulgels represent a hybrid dosage form that combines the characteristics of both emulsions and gels. Owing to this dual property, they enhance the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs, thereby improving their bioavailability, while also offering a patient-friendly approach to topical drug delivery. In this study, aceclofenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) derived from diclofenac, was selected as the model drug. Being a BCS class II compound (low solubility and high permeability), aceclofenac is well-suited for formulation as an emulgel, where even smaller doses can achieve therapeutic efficacy in topical applications. Two different gelling agents, carbomer 934 and HPMC K4M, were used separately at a concentration of 1% w/w to prepare the emulgels. Linseed oil served as the penetration enhancer. The prepared formulations were evaluated for rheological properties, pH, and in vitro drug release profile. The findings revealed that the emulgel prepared with carbomer 934 exhibited a superior drug release profile compared to the formulation containing HPMC K4M. These results suggest that carbomer 934 is a more suitable gelling agent for the development of aceclofenac emulgel formulations, providing enhanced drug release and potentially better therapeutic outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Aceclofenac, Topical Drug Delivery System, Emulgel, HPMC
  topic: keywords
creator: Pradipta Ranjan Behera, Asmita Gajbhiye, Shailendra Patil
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sujata Publications https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-10
publication date: 2025-09-10
starting page: 24
ending page: 31
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.9.03

Formulation, Optimization, and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablet of Promethazine Hcl
type: item
description: This study uses the effervescent technique to formulate and evaluate mouth dissolving tablets (MDTs)of promethazine HCl. MDTs are preferred for their ease of use, especially in patients with swallowing difficulties. The formulation process using various excipients, including crospovidone, sodium bicarbonate, and microcrystalline cellulose, was optimized through a Box-Behnken design. The study assessed pre-compression and post-compression parameters, including flow properties, hardness, friability, disintegration time, and in vitro drug release. Results indicated that the optimized formulation (B-16) achieved a disintegration time of 40 seconds and a cumulative drug release of 98.34% within 15 minutes, demonstrating the effectiveness of the effervescent technique in enhancing drug bioavailability. The findings suggest that the developed MDTs can provide rapid therapeutic effects, making them suitable for pediatric and geriatric patients.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mouth Dissolving Tablet (MDT), Promethazine HCl, Design Expert software, Box Behnken Design, Effervescent Technique, Direct Compression.
  topic: keywords
creator: Pranshu Patel, Shiv Hardenia, Dinesh Kumar Jain
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sujata Publications https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-19
publication date: 2025-09-19
starting page: 40
ending page: 57
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.9.05

Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacological Activities of Tridax procumbens: A Comprehensive Review
type: item
description: As an article of Tridax procumbens, the author Linnaeus presented the Tridax species in 1753. Coat buttons, or T. procumbens, are a member of the Asteraceae family. It thrives in the tropical and subtropical regions throughout the countries of South and Central America. Coat buttons have also proliferated in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific islands. Coat buttons contain flavonoids, carotenoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, norisoprenoids, volatile oil, lignans, and saponins. For centuries, Ayurvedic medicine in India relied on this plant for curing hundreds of ailments. The above antioxidative, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, antidiabetic, mosquitocidal, anticancer, antihypertensive, and antiparasitic functions of coat buttons are well known pharmacologically. Additionally, it has hepatoprotective, leishmanicidal, immunomodulatory, repellent, and antilithiatic qualities. This review is helpful in giving crucial details about the plant and demonstrates that it may be a safe, effective and reasonably priced treatment for a number of illnesses, particularly in tropical regions where the plant is widely available.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tridax procumbens, Asteraceae, Coat buttons
  topic: keywords
creator: Kartik Dhok
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sujata Publications https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-18
publication date: 2025-09-18
starting page: 32
ending page: 39
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.9.04

Development and In-Vitro Characterization of a Personalized, pH-Responsive Polypill for Dual-Drug Delivery via Multi-Material FDM 3D Printing
type: item
description: This study explores the development of a personalized polypill designed to deliver two drugs with distinct, pH-sensitive release profiles using multi-material 3D printing via fused deposition modeling (FDM). The aim was to engineer a single tablet capable of releasing each drug independently at its intended site within the gastrointestinal tract. To achieve this, two drug-loaded filaments were prepared through hot-melt extrusion (HME). One filament, intended for immediate release, incorporated paracetamol within a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix. The other, designed for enteric release, embedded mesalazine in Eudragit L100. These filaments were used to print a core-shell tablet, with the mesalazine-containing core fully enclosed by the paracetamol-based shell. The printed tablets were evaluated for their physical integrity, chemical composition, and drug release behavior. In vitro dissolution testing was conducted using a USP Apparatus II paddle system, simulating gastrointestinal conditions through a pH-shift protocol—starting with 0.1N hydrochloric acid for two hours, followed by a phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. Results showed that the extrusion process produced filaments with uniform drug distribution and excellent printability. The tablets demonstrated high dimensional accuracy and allowed for precise, customizable dosing. During dissolution, the outer shell released over 95% of paracetamol rapidly in the acidic phase, while the mesalazine core remained intact. Upon transitioning to the neutral pH environment, the enteric coating dissolved, enabling a complete and controlled release of mesalazine. Overall, the findings highlight the promise of multi-material FDM 3D printing in fabricating sophisticated, pH-responsive polypills. This approach offers a viable pathway for creating patient-specific combination therapies with tailored dosing and release kinetics, potentially transforming personalized medicine.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: 3D Printed Pharmaceuticals, Fused Deposition Modeling, Polypill, Personalized Medicine, pH-Responsive Drug Delivery, Hot-Melt Extrusion
  topic: keywords
creator: Vrushali Kulkarni, Namdeo Jadhav*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sujata Publications https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-09
publication date: 2025-09-09
starting page: 15
ending page: 23
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.9.02

Antidiabetic Efficacy of Diosmetin-Loaded Phytosomes in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats
type: item
description: Diabetes mellitus is a long-standing metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and disturbed carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism due to impaired insulin secretion or peripheral insulin resistance. A flavonoid, diosmetin, possesses excellent biological activities but is limited in clinical use because it has poor aqueous solubility, low permeability, and significant first-pass metabolism, which leads to low oral bioavailability. To overcome these limitations, a phytosomatically formulated diosmetin was designed to maximize its bioavailability and antidiabetic effects. The current research involves the successful loading of diosmetin (DS) into a phytosomal entity by the formation of bond between the soya phosphatidylcholine and diosmetin in various molar ratios. Successfully prepared DS phytosomes through complexation with phospholipids and they were characterized by physicochemical, chromatography, spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies. In vivo studies using streptozotocin which induced diabetes in albino rats, and compared the results against pure DS alone. The antidiabetic potential of DS phytosomes evaluated by an in vivo study revealed a significant decrease in the levels of blood glucose in the DS phytosomes-treated group as compared to plain DS. The above-mentioned results showed that the antidiabetic potency of DS was enhanced in phytosomes as compared to DS. This research points to phytosomal encapsulation as a powerful approach to enhance the solubility, bioavailability and therapeutic interest of diosmetin and presents a worthy method for the improvement in pharmacokinetics in other poorly soluble flavonoids.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Diosmetin, Phytosome, Bioavailability, Antidiabetic, Phospholipid Complex
  topic: keywords
creator: Swati Sahu, Anamika Jain, Ayushi Gupta, Mahendra Singour, Shah Alam, Shailendra Patil and Asmita Gajbhiye*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sujata Publications https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-09
publication date: 2025-09-09
starting page: 01
ending page: 14
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.9.01

Muscle Wasting: Molecular Mechanisms and Promising Therapies
type: item
description: Muscle atrophy, often known as muscle wasting, is a severe disorder marked by a decrease of skeletal muscle mass and strength. It occurs in various pathological states, including chronic kidney disease, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and heart failure, as well as during extended periods inactivity or aging. Muscle wasting is caused by an imbalance between the production and degradation of proteins, and important regulators including the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), and inflammatory cytokines are crucial in this process. Muscle homeostasis is regulated by important signaling pathways, such as the Akt/mTOR and NF-κB pathways. Furthermore, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction make muscle deterioration worse. By focusing on these molecular pathways, new treatment approaches seek to prevent muscle wasting. Preclinical and clinical investigations have demonstrated the potential of pharmacological treatments, including myostatin inhibitors, anti-inflammatory drugs, and anabolic agents, as well as nutritional therapies and regular exercise. New approaches to muscle regeneration are provided by emerging medicines such as RNA-based methods, gene editing, and stem cell therapy. This study examines the complex molecular processes causing muscle wasting and identifies effective treatment approaches meant to maintain muscular mass and function. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing effective treatments that enhance the quality of life for those affected.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Muscle wasting, Sarcopenia, Molecular Mechanisms, Therapies
  topic: keywords
creator: Raj Bhushan Singh,Vivek Srivastava*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sujata Publications https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-04
publication date: 2025-09-04
starting page: 50
ending page: 65
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.8.05

Stability Indicating method for Estimation of Mefloquine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulation
type: item
description: A simple, selective, rapid, precise and accurate reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatogram method has been developed and validate stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the estimation of Mefloqine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations. Used developed and validate Hplc method for force degradation study. On the basis of reversed phase -HPLC mode (analyte) stationary phase with C18 bonded phase I.e waters symmetry c18 ,250 mm x 4.6 mm,5u was selected .Column with mobile phase consisting of 1.5 gm of sodium hydrogen sulphate mono hydrate(25) and 75 ml of methanol ,Detection was carried out at 280 nm and flow rate was 0.7 ml/Min .The developed method was validated for linearity accuracy, precision, selectivity, specificity, forced degradation studies, robustness ruggedness. By using the develop and validate RP- hplc method expedient study was carried out which is necessary in this case because the concentration of drug in the tablet formulation is very less than the other exciepients.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mefloquine Hydrochloride, Rp -Hplc
  topic: keywords
creator: Smithhaa Mohod*, Pranjal Wankhede, VisheshMohod, Saurav Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sujata Publications https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-08-31
publication date: 2025-08-31
starting page: 34
ending page: 49
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.8.04

Integrated Approaches to Vaccine Safety Surveillance: Principles, Challenges, and Innovations
type: item
description: Vaccine safety surveillance plays a pivotal role in ensuring public confidence and maintaining the integrity of immunization programs worldwide. With the rapid development and deployment of vaccines, particularly during global health emergencies, traditional surveillance methods alone are insufficient to address emerging challenges in detecting, evaluating, and managing adverse events following immunization (AEFI). This paper explores integrated approaches to vaccine safety surveillance, highlighting the principles that govern effective monitoring, the limitations of conventional systems, and the need for innovative strategies. It emphasizes the integration of epidemiological studies, pharmacovigilance systems, big data analytics, real-world evidence, artificial intelligence, and digital health tools to enhance early signal detection, causality assessment, and risk communication. Key challenges such as underreporting, data harmonization, ethical considerations, and public trust are critically analyzed. Furthermore, the paper discusses recent innovations including blockchain-enabled data security, machine learning algorithms for predictive modeling, and global collaborative platforms that strengthen vaccine safety monitoring. By adopting a multidimensional and technology-driven approach, stakeholders can build resilient surveillance systems that not only safeguard public health but also foster transparency, trust, and long-term sustainability of immunization programs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Vaccine safety surveillance; Adverse events following immunization (AEFI); Pharmacovigilance; Big data analytics; Artificial intelligence; Real-world evidence; Blockchain; Public trust; Global health; Immunization programs
creator: Harshada V. Wagh, Girase Prashant D, Jagdeo Chandradeep B, Mahajan Ghanshyam S, Patil Jayesh H, Patil Pratiksha S, Pimple Fuaansha D
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sujata Publications https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-01
publication date: 2025-09-01
starting page: 22
ending page: 33
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.8.03

Evaluation of Synergistic Potential of Combined Extracts of Apple Peel and Goldenseal Root Extract
type: item
description: The study investigates the combined effects of apple peel and goldenseal root extracts as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. Aqueous and methanolic extracts were found to be the most potent, so two combinations were prepared: methanol combined extracts and aqueous combined extracts. These were used for antioxidant assays such as DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS assay, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and peroxynitrite bleaching of Pyrogallol red. Additionally, antimicrobial assays, including disc diffusion methods, were conducted against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The study aims to evaluate the synergistic potential of these combined extracts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: apple peel and goldenseal root extracts, DPPH radical
  topic: keywords
creator: Pratiksha P. Nikam
creator: Dr. Sanjay K. Bais
creator: Dr. Javesh K Patil
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sujata Publications https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-08-31
publication date: 2025-08-31
starting page: 13
ending page: `21
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.8.02

Dissecting the Overlaps: An Integrative Review of Asperger Syndrome in the Context of Autism Spectrum Disorder, ADHD, and Social Communication Disorders
type: item
description: Background: Asperger Syndrome (AS) was historically recognized as a distinct diagnosis but was subsumed under autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the DSM-5. This reclassification has raised important questions regarding overlaps and distinctions among AS, ASD, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and Social Communication Disorder (SCD). Understanding these intersections is critical for improving diagnostic accuracy, guiding interventions, and advancing research. Objectives: This review aims to (1) clarify the diagnostic boundaries between AS, ASD, ADHD, and SCD, (2) highlight challenges in comorbidity and differential diagnosis, and (3) discuss implications for clinical practice and research. Methods: A narrative integrative review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted, focusing on diagnostic frameworks, symptomatic overlaps, neurocognitive profiles, neurobiological underpinnings, comorbidities, and clinical outcomes. Comparative tables were developed to summarize shared and unique features across disorders. Results: Findings indicate significant overlap in social interaction difficulties, pragmatic communication deficits, and executive dysfunction across AS, ASD, ADHD, and SCD. However, unique markers—such as restricted/repetitive behaviors (ASD/AS), inattention and hyperactivity (ADHD), and isolated pragmatic language deficits (SCD)—aid in differentiation. Comorbidity, particularly between ASD/AS and ADHD, is common and often leads to misdiagnosis or diagnostic overshadowing. Neurobiological studies suggest both shared and distinct pathways, with converging evidence from genetics, brain connectivity, and neurochemistry. Conclusions: An integrative, dimensional approach is needed to refine diagnostic frameworks and intervention strategies. Future research should prioritize longitudinal, transdiagnostic studies and biomarker development, while clinical practice must emphasize multi-dimensional assessments and individualized care.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Asperger Syndrome, Autism Spectrum Disorder, ADHD, Social Communication Disorder, comorbidity, neurocognition, differential diagnosis
  topic: keywords
creator: Tulsidas Nimbekar, Arjina Mondal, Goldee Yadav, Nirbhay kumar Yadav, Mayank Attri, Johny Lakra, Ekta Pandey, Yash Srivastav, Shakti Galhotrav*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sujata Publications https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.8.01

Design, Synthesis, Characterisation and Biological Study of Pyrimidine Based Heterocycles
type: item
description: A series of novel 4-(2-amino-6-(substituted phenyl)pyrimidine-4-yl)-2,6-dibromobenzene-1,3-diol, were synthesized from different substituted 2,3-dibromo-1-(3,5-dibromo-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(substitutedphenyl)propane-1-one and guanidine hydrochloride were dissolved in ethanol. Double the quantity of sodium hydroxide was dissolved in minimum amount of water and added to reaction mixture. After 6Hrs. reflux, it was poured into 250 ml of water and recrystalized the structures of the compounds were elucidated by elemental and spectral (IR, 1H NMR,) analysis. The synthesized compounds were checked for biological evaluation i.e. antimicrobial study.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Chalcone, Pyrimidine, biological evaluation.
  topic: keywords
creator: R.N. Ingole
creator: O. K. Kapse
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sujata Publications https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.7.05

Nutritional Strategies for Enhancing Neurological Function: A Diet-Based Approach to Cognitive Health
type: item
description: The human brain, despite constituting only 2% of body weight, consumes approximately 20% of the body's energy, underscoring its reliance on adequate nutrition for optimal function. Emerging evidence highlights the profound impact of diet on cognitive health, with specific nutrients and dietary patterns influencing neuroprotection, synaptic plasticity, and neuroinflammation. This review explores the role of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) and micronutrients (omega-3 fatty acids, polyphenols, vitamins) in supporting brain health, emphasizing their ability to mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation, key contributors to neurodegenerative diseases. Dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean and ketogenic diets are examined for their neuroprotective benefits, including improved cognitive performance and reduced risk of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Additionally, the gut-brain axis is discussed as a critical pathway through which diet modulates brain function, with prebiotics, probiotics, and fiber-rich foods promoting a balanced microbiome and reducing neuroinflammation. This paper underscores the importance of personalized nutrition strategies in optimizing cognitive health and preventing neurological disorders, offering a comprehensive overview of diet-based approaches to enhance neurological function.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cognitive health, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, Mediterranean diet, ketogenic diet, gut-brain axis, omega-3 fatty acids, polyphenols, antioxidants, personalized nutrition.
  topic: keywords
creator: Huzaifa, Shah Alam, Shalini Patel, Richa Bajaj, Namita, Km. Shiva*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sujata Publications https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-07-04
publication date: 2025-07-04
starting page: 21
ending page: 30
doi: 10.62896/ijpdd.2.7.04