Trachyspermum ammi leaves: Phytochemical Composition, Pharmacological Potential, and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Trachyspermum species, particularly Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain), are traditionally used in folk medicine across Asia and the Middle East. While the seeds have been extensively studied, the leaves remain underexplored despite their rich phytochemical profile. Recent investigations reveal that Trachyspermum leaves are reservoirs of essential oils, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids, suggesting significant pharmacological potential. This review compiles and discusses the botanical characteristics, chemical constituents, biological activities, and potential applications of Trachyspermum leaves, aiming to highlight gaps and future research directions.