Recent Advances in Silver Nanoparticle-Loaded Hydrogels for Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Applications

Abstract

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance has necessitated the development of novel therapeutic strategies, among which silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have garnered significant attention due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extracts such as Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) offers an eco-friendly alternative to conventional chemical methods, eliminating the use of toxic reducing agents while providing additional phytochemical stabilization. Hydrogel-based delivery systems have emerged as promising platforms for AgNP administration, offering sustained release, enhanced biocompatibility, and improved therapeutic efficacy. This comprehensive review critically examines the development and evaluation of hydrogels loaded with green-synthesized silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications. The article systematically discusses the fundamental properties of hydrogels, the antimicrobial mechanisms of AgNPs, green synthesis methodologies using medicinal plants, polymer systems including Carbopol, chitosan, PVA, and HPMC, and the integration strategies for incorporating AgNPs into hydrogel matrices. Furthermore, the review provides detailed insights into physicochemical evaluation parameters including swelling index, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and stability studies. Critical analysis of current challenges, including AgNP toxicity concerns, stability issues, and scale-up difficulties, is presented alongside future perspectives and research directions. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and pharmaceutical scientists working towards developing sustainable and effective antimicrobial formulations.