Pterocarpus marsupium: A Review of Its Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Spectrum

Abstract

Pterocarpus marsupium, commonly known as Indian Kino Tree, is a versatile medicinal plant widely used in traditional systems of medicine across India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. This comprehensive review highlights its botanical profile, phytochemical constituents, and diverse pharmacological properties. The plant is a rich source of bioactive compounds such as pterostilbene, marsupsin, and various flavonoid glycosides, which contribute to its therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacological studies demonstrate that extracts from different parts of the plant exhibit antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antifungal, anti-cataract, and antidiarrheal activities. Its efficacy in lowering blood glucose levels without noticeable toxicity has been affirmed in multicenter ICMR trials. The plant also shows promising cytotoxic activity through apoptosis induction mechanisms and exhibits strong antimicrobial potential against a broad spectrum of pathogens. Despite its beneficial effects, P. marsupium is not recommended in cases of constipation due to its astringent nature. Given the increasing reliance on plant-based therapeutics in primary healthcare, especially in rural settings, P. marsupium stands out as a significant candidate for further pharmacological research and clinical validation. This review aims to consolidate existing data and encourage future investigations into the therapeutic potential of this valuable medicinal species.