A Review of Withania Somnifera

Abstract

Withania somnifera (family: Solanaceae), commonly known as Ashwagandha or Indian ginseng, is widely distributed across Asia, China, and other regions. The plant's roots contain bioactive phytochemicals, including glycosides and sitoindosides, which contribute to its therapeutic properties. In Ayurveda, Ashwagandha has been documented in classical texts such as the Bhagavad Gita, Astanga Hridaya, and Nighantus, where it is recognized for its neuroprotective and rejuvenating effects. Traditional Chinese medicine also considers it a potent adaptogen, comparable to Panax ginseng. Ashwagandha has been used in ethnomedicine for centuries to address cardiovascular issues, neurological disorders, and general well-being. As a recognized Ayurvedic elixir, it enhances vitality and resilience, with minimal adverse effects. The plant's phytochemicals exhibit diverse pharmacological benefits, including anti-carcinogenic, antinociceptive, and immune-modulating properties, with emerging evidence supporting its role in combating COVID-19. A growing body of research highlights its efficacy in alleviating stress, enhancing cognitive function, improving athletic performance, and managing metabolic disorders. A meta-analysis of 60 clinical studies revealed positive outcomes in anxiety reduction, sexual health, thyroid regulation, and chronic fatigue. However, variations in dosage, duration, and extract forms influence results. Despite limited large-scale trials, Ashwagandha's therapeutic potential in integrative medicine is gaining global recognition. Future studies should focus on standardizing formulations and conducting extensive clinical trials to validate its benefits in modern healthcare.